{"id":9308,"date":"2018-08-13T13:00:15","date_gmt":"2018-08-13T11:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blooness.com\/?p=9308"},"modified":"2024-10-30T22:16:21","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T20:16:21","slug":"ancel-keys-etudes-des-7-pays","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/ancel-keys-etudes-des-7-pays\/","title":{"rendered":"The origin of fat hunting: Ancel Keys and the 7 countries study"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pour comprendre comment les produits all\u00e9g\u00e9s en mati\u00e8res grasses (et parfois bourr\u00e9s de sucre en contrepartie) ont rempli les rayons de nos supermarch\u00e9s, il faut remonter aux th\u00e8ses d&rsquo;Ancel Keys.<\/p>\n<p><em>Retrouvez ce chapitre de <a href=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/guide\/\">l&rsquo;alimentation id\u00e9ale pour le genre humain<\/a> au format PODCAST :<\/em><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Alimentation c\u00e9tog\u00e8ne et low-carb : les th\u00e9ories d&#039;Ancel Keys [PODCAST]\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Zb7V4rRGGHc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Ancel Keys est un chercheur am\u00e9ricain qui, dans les ann\u00e9es 50, a lanc\u00e9 l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se selon laquelle l\u2019alimentation est la cause des maladies cardio-vasculaires.<\/p>\n<p>En 1956, le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre nutritionniste lance ce qui deviendra une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence quasi-biblique dans le domaine de la nutrition : <em><strong>l&rsquo;\u00e9tude des 7 pays<\/strong><\/em>. Keys avait lanc\u00e9 cette \u00e9tude afin de prouver que <strong>la consommation excessive de mati\u00e8res grasses \u00e9tait bien la cause des maladies cardio-vasculaires<\/strong>.<\/p><div id=\"bloon-4199779348\" class=\"bloon-vers-le-haut bloon-entity-placement\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 30px;\">\n<div style=\"padding: 5px; margin: 40px auto;; max-width: 600px; background: #effaff; border-radius: 0; box-shadow: 0px 0px 48px 0px rgb(0 0 0 \/ 15%);\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Ce contenu fait partie du <a href=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/guide\/\">guide Blooness, le guide de l&rsquo;alimentation humaine id\u00e9ale, dont vous retrouverez le sommaire ici<\/a> <\/em>\ud83c\udf31\ud83e\udd51<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9314\" src=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/ancel-keys.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"780\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/ancel-keys.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/blooness.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/ancel-keys-300x234.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blooness.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/ancel-keys-768x599.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blooness.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/ancel-keys-600x468.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Pour Ancel Keys, les <a href=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/lipides\/\">graisses<\/a> satur\u00e9es et le cholest\u00e9rol \u00e9taient susceptibles de boucher les art\u00e8res. Pour le prouver, il va \u00e9tudier le lien entre la consommation de graisses satur\u00e9es, comme le beurre par exemple, et la mortalit\u00e9 cardiovasculaire, sur 7 groupes de population.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9tude portait sur plus de 12 000 hommes aux Etats-Unis, en Finlande, aux Pays-Bas, en Italie, en Yougoslavie, en Gr\u00e8ce et au Japon. Ancel Keys montre ainsi que la Finlande affiche un fort taux de maladies cardiovasculaires, alors que les Finlandais sont de gros consommateurs de graisses satur\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>A l&rsquo;inverse, les grecs et les japonais sont peu touch\u00e9s par les infarctus, et consomment peu de mati\u00e8res grasses. Le nutritionniste \u00e9tablit dont un lien de corr\u00e9lation entre la consommation de graisses, et le taux de maladies cardiovasculaires.<\/p>\n<p>Le probl\u00e8me, c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;Ancel Keys a volontairement choisi ces 7 pays, parce qu&rsquo;ils corroboraient son hypoth\u00e8se de d\u00e9part, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 s&rsquo;il avait choisit d&rsquo;autres pays, disons Isra\u00ebl, les Pays-Bas, l\u2019Allemagne, la Suisse, la France (et son c\u00e9l\u00e8bre \u00ab\u00a0paradoxe fran\u00e7ais\u00a0\u00bb) ou la Su\u00e8de, l\u2019\u00e9tude aurait plut\u00f4t sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 l\u2019inverse.<\/p>\n<p>En effet, la France, l&rsquo;Allemagne ou encore la Suisse pr\u00e9sentaient un faible taux de maladies cardiovasculaires, alors que leurs populations consommaient beaucoup de graisses satur\u00e9es.<\/p><div id=\"bloon-3830436878\" class=\"bloon-milieu bloon-entity-placement\" style=\"margin-top: 60px;margin-bottom: 60px;\"><div id=\"mc_embed_shell\">\n<style type=\"text\/css\">\n      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des nouvelles formations et des contenus premium exclusifs sur Blooness.<\/p>\n<div class=\"indicates-required\"><span class=\"asterisk\">*<\/span> obligatoire<\/div>\n<div class=\"mc-field-group\"><label for=\"mce-EMAIL\">Adresse mail <span class=\"asterisk\">*<\/span><\/label><input id=\"mce-EMAIL\" class=\"required email\" name=\"EMAIL\" required=\"\" type=\"email\" value=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"mc-field-group\"><label for=\"mce-LANGPREF\">Langue de la Newsletter <span class=\"asterisk\">*<\/span><\/label><select id=\"mce-LANGPREF\" class=\"required\" name=\"LANGPREF\"><option value=\"\"><\/option><option value=\"Fran\u00e7ais\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/option><option value=\"English\">English<\/option><\/select><\/div>\n<div id=\"mce-responses\" class=\"clear\">\n<div id=\"mce-error-response\" class=\"response\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"mce-success-response\" class=\"response\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position: absolute; left: 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le code pays FR +33 avant le num\u00e9ro de t\u00e9l\u00e9phone',\n        },\n        {\n          countryCode: 'ES',\n          placeholder: '+34 000 000 000',\n          helpText: 'Incluya el c\u00f3digo de pa\u00eds ES +34 antes del n\u00famero de tel\u00e9fono',\n        },\n        {\n          countryCode: 'NL',\n          placeholder: '+31 0 00000000',\n          helpText: 'Voeg de NL-landcode +31 toe v\u00f3\u00f3r het telefoonnummer',\n        },\n        {\n          countryCode: 'BE',\n          placeholder: '+32 000 00 00 00',\n          helpText: 'Incluez le code pays BE +32 avant le num\u00e9ro de t\u00e9l\u00e9phone',\n        },\n        {\n          countryCode: 'CH',\n          placeholder: '+41 00 000 00 00',\n          helpText: 'F\u00fcgen Sie vor der Telefonnummer die CH-L\u00e4ndervorwahl +41 ein',\n        },\n        {\n          countryCode: 'AT',\n          placeholder: '+43 000 000 0000',\n          helpText: 'F\u00fcgen Sie vor der Telefonnummer die 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    },\n        {\n          countryCode: 'CH',\n          placeholder: '+41 00 000 00 00',\n          helpText: 'F\u00fcgen Sie vor der Telefonnummer die CH-L\u00e4ndervorwahl +41 ein',\n        },\n        {\n          countryCode: 'AT',\n          placeholder: '+43 000 000 0000',\n          helpText: 'F\u00fcgen Sie vor der Telefonnummer die AT-L\u00e4ndervorwahl +43 ein',\n        },\n        {\n          countryCode: 'IE',\n          placeholder: '+353 00 000 0000',\n          helpText: 'Include the IE country code +353 before the phone number',\n        },\n        {\n          countryCode: 'IT',\n          placeholder: '+39 000 000 0000',\n          helpText: 'Includere il prefisso internazionale IT +39 prima del numero di telefono',\n        },\n      ];\n      \n      if (!countryCode || typeof countryCode !== 'string') {\n        return mockPlaceholders[0].helpText;\n      }\n      \n      const selectedHelpText = mockPlaceholders.find(function(item) {\n          return item 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smsNotRequiredRemoveCountryCodeEnabled = true;\n      var smsField = Object.values({\"EMAIL\":{\"name\":\"EMAIL\",\"label\":\"Adresse mail\",\"helper_text\":\"\",\"type\":\"email\",\"required\":true,\"audience_field_name\":\"Adresse mail\",\"merge_id\":0,\"help_text_enabled\":false,\"enabled\":true,\"order\":0,\"field_type\":\"merge\"},\"LANGPREF\":{\"name\":\"LANGPREF\",\"label\":\"Langue de la Newsletter\",\"helper_text\":\"\",\"type\":\"dropdown\",\"required\":true,\"audience_field_name\":\"Langue de la Newsletter\",\"choices\":[{\"value\":\"Fran\u00e7ais\",\"label\":\"Fran\u00e7ais\"},{\"value\":\"English\",\"label\":\"English\"}],\"merge_id\":5,\"help_text_enabled\":false,\"enabled\":true,\"order\":1,\"field_type\":\"merge\"},\"FNAME\":{\"name\":\"FNAME\",\"label\":\"Pr\u00e9nom\",\"helper_text\":\"\",\"type\":\"text\",\"required\":false,\"audience_field_name\":\"Pr\u00e9nom\",\"enabled\":false,\"order\":null,\"field_type\":\"merge\",\"merge_id\":1},\"LNAME\":{\"name\":\"LNAME\",\"label\":\"Nom\",\"helper_text\":\"\",\"type\":\"text\",\"required\":false,\"audience_field_name\":\"Nom\",\"enabled\":false,\"order\":null,\"field_type\":\"merge\",\"merge_id\":2},\"ADDRESS\":{\"name\":\"ADDRESS\",\"label\":\"Addresse de livraison\",\"helper_text\":\"\",\"type\":\"address\",\"required\":false,\"audience_field_name\":\"Addresse de livraison\",\"enabled\":false,\"order\":null,\"field_type\":\"merge\",\"merge_id\":3,\"countries\":{\"2\":\"Albania\",\"3\":\"Algeria\",\"4\":\"Andorra\",\"5\":\"Angola\",\"6\":\"Argentina\",\"7\":\"Armenia\",\"8\":\"Australia\",\"9\":\"Austria\",\"10\":\"Azerbaijan\",\"11\":\"Bahamas\",\"12\":\"Bahrain\",\"13\":\"Bangladesh\",\"14\":\"Barbados\",\"15\":\"Belarus\",\"16\":\"Belgium\",\"17\":\"Belize\",\"18\":\"Benin\",\"19\":\"Bermuda\",\"20\":\"Bhutan\",\"21\":\"Bolivia\",\"22\":\"Bosnia and Herzegovina\",\"23\":\"Botswana\",\"24\":\"Brazil\",\"25\":\"Bulgaria\",\"26\":\"Burkina Faso\",\"27\":\"Burundi\",\"28\":\"Cambodia\",\"29\":\"Cameroon\",\"30\":\"Canada\",\"31\":\"Cape Verde\",\"32\":\"Cayman Islands\",\"33\":\"Central African Republic\",\"34\":\"Chad\",\"35\":\"Chile\",\"36\":\"China\",\"37\":\"Colombia\",\"38\":\"Congo\",\"40\":\"Croatia\",\"41\":\"Cyprus\",\"42\":\"Czech Republic\",\"43\":\"Denmark\",\"44\":\"Djibouti\",\"45\":\"Ecuador\",\"46\":\"Egypt\",\"47\":\"El 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{ return f.name === fieldName &#038;&#038; f.type === 'smsphone'; });\n        var isRequired = smsField ? smsField.required : false;\n        var shouldAppendCountryCode = smsNotRequiredRemoveCountryCodeEnabled ? isRequired : true;\n        \n        var phoneInput = document.querySelector('#mce-' + fieldName);\n        if (phoneInput &#038;&#038; selectedProgram.countryCallingCode &#038;&#038; shouldAppendCountryCode) {\n          phoneInput.value = selectedProgram.countryCallingCode;\n        }\n        \n        \n        updateSmsLegalText(selectedCountry, fieldName);\n        updatePlaceholder(selectedCountry, fieldName);\n        updateCountryCodeInstruction(selectedCountry, fieldName);\n      });\n    }\n\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\n      const smsPhoneFields = document.querySelectorAll('[id^=\"country-select-\"]');\n      \n      smsPhoneFields.forEach(function(dropdown) {\n        const fieldName = dropdown?.id.replace('country-select-', '');\n        initializeSmsPhoneDropdown(fieldName);\n      });\n    });\n    <\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>La Fondation Internationale pour la Recherche Sucri\u00e8re &#8211; le fameux lobby mis en place par l&rsquo;industrie du sucre &#8211; fit appel \u00e0 plusieurs experts proches des th\u00e8ses de Keys, dont Francisco Grande, le nutritionniste William Connor, et surtout <strong>Edwin Bierman<\/strong>, expert du diab\u00e8te, de l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Washington. Ce dernier a ainsi convaincu l&rsquo;Association am\u00e9ricaine des diab\u00e9tologues de ne pas trop brider la quantit\u00e9 de <a href=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/glucides\/\">glucides<\/a> recommand\u00e9e aux diab\u00e9tiques, et a co-r\u00e9dig\u00e9 un rapport de la commission nationale sur le diab\u00e8te en 1976 qui influen\u00e7a les programmes de recherche sur cette maladie, et dans lequel figuraient des \u00e9tudes scientifiques financ\u00e9es par l&rsquo;industrie du sucre.<\/p>\n<p><strong>La post\u00e9rit\u00e9 a prouv\u00e9 que l&rsquo;\u00e9tude des 7 pays d&rsquo;Ancel Keys longue de 25 ans pr\u00e9sentait malheureusement des anomalies<\/strong>. Mais \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque, ces anomalies n&rsquo;ont pas emp\u00each\u00e9 le s\u00e9nateur am\u00e9ricain George McGovern de faire publier les \u00ab Objectifs alimentaires pour les Etats-Unis \u00bb, en s&rsquo;appuyant en particulier sur cette \u00e9tude.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 800px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-9308-1\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Ancel-keys-compress.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Ancel-keys-compress.mp4\">https:\/\/blooness.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Ancel-keys-compress.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>C&rsquo;est ainsi qu&rsquo;en 1977, sous l&rsquo;influence des travaux d&rsquo;Ancel Keys, les recommandations nutritionnelles am\u00e9ricaines pr\u00e9conis\u00e8rent :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>60% des calories sous forme de sucres essentiellement lents (dont une part importante de <a href=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/regime-mediterraneen-cereales\/\">c\u00e9r\u00e9ales<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Une r\u00e9duction des <a href=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/lipides\/\">lipides<\/a> \u00e0 hauteur de 20 \u00e0 30%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La France suivra cette voie-l\u00e0, et jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 aujourd&rsquo;hui, cette r\u00e9partition n&rsquo;a que sensiblement \u00e9volu\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Et pourtant, avec le recul, l&rsquo;ob\u00e9sit\u00e9 est mont\u00e9e en fl\u00e8che \u00e0 travers le monde depuis la fin des ann\u00e9es 70, et les maladies cardio-vasculaires et le diab\u00e8te ont pris depuis des dimensions alarmantes.<\/p>\n<p>Entre 1980 et 2010, le pourcentage d&rsquo;ob\u00e8ses aux Etats-Unis va plus que doubler, passant d&rsquo;un peu plus de 10% \u00e0 plus de 35,7% de la population am\u00e9ricaine.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"louvrage-prophetique-de-john-yudkin\">L&rsquo;ouvrage proph\u00e9tique de John Yudkin<\/h3>\n<p>En 1972, avec la sortie de son ouvrage Pure, White and Deadly, John Yudkin \u00e9tait le premier scientifique \u00e0 <strong>accuser le sucre plut\u00f4t que les mati\u00e8res grasses<\/strong> d&rsquo;\u00eatre l\u2019une des principales menaces pour notre sant\u00e9. Son livre, qui contredisait alors le discours dominant dont Ancel Keys \u00e9tait la figure de proue, a suscit\u00e9 de vives r\u00e9actions et critiques aussi bien dans le secteur industriel agro-alimentaire \u2013 la Sugar Association en t\u00eate \u2013 que dans le milieu de la recherche.<\/p>\n<p>Son \u00e9tude a \u00e9t\u00e9 tourn\u00e9e en ridicule et sa r\u00e9putation d\u00e9truite, si bien que le livre a longtemps \u00e9t\u00e9 introuvable ou presque, jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 ce <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lanutrition.fr\/sucre-lamere-verite-du-dr-robert-lustig\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">qu&rsquo;un certain Robert Lustig, p\u00e9diatre et endocrinologue \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Californie, remette ses th\u00e8ses au go\u00fbt du jour<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Chapitre suivant : <a href=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/un-complot-agro-industriel\/\">un complot agro-industriel ?<\/a><br \/>\nChapitre pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent : <a href=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/sucre-glucides-gras-lobby-diabete\/\">La naissance du lobby du sucre<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"bloon-2184416381\" class=\"bloon-apres-le-contenu-2 bloon-entity-placement\"><div style=\"max-width: 900px; margin: 60px auto; padding: 60px 40px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f5e9 0%, #f0faf0 100%); border-radius: 24px; box-shadow: 0 10px 40px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); text-align: center;\">\r\n  <h2 style=\"font-size: 2.6em; color: #28a745; margin-bottom: 30px; font-weight: 800; text-transform: uppercase;\">\r\n    Nouveau : les Programmes Acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9s Blooness\r\n  <\/h2>\r\n  \r\n  <p style=\"font-size: 1.5em; color: #333; max-width: 800px; margin: 0 auto 40px; line-height: 1.6;\">\r\n    Pour des <strong>r\u00e9sultats rapides<\/strong> si vous cherchez \u00e0<br>\r\n    <strong>perdre du gras durablement<\/strong>,<br>\r\n    <strong>retrouver une \u00e9nergie stable toute la journ\u00e9e<\/strong>,<br>\r\n    et <strong>\u00e9loigner les maladies chroniques<\/strong>.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n  \r\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/blooness.com\/programmes\/\" \r\n     style=\"display: inline-block; background: #ff4757; color: white; padding: 22px 60px; border-radius: 50px; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(255,71,87,0.4); transition: all 0.3s;\">\r\n    D\u00e9couvrir les Programmes (67\u20ac \u00e0 vie) \u2192\r\n  <\/a>\r\n  \r\n  <p style=\"margin-top: 30px; font-size: 1.2em; color: #666;\">\r\n    Acc\u00e8s imm\u00e9diat au Guide premium + tous les programmes actuels et futurs<br>\r\n    <strong>Tarif fondateur limit\u00e9 \u2013 passera bient\u00f4t \u00e0 97\u20ac<\/strong>\r\n  <\/p>\r\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pour comprendre comment les produits all\u00e9g\u00e9s en mati\u00e8res grasses (et parfois bourr\u00e9s de sucre en contrepartie) ont rempli les rayons de nos supermarch\u00e9s, il faut remonter aux th\u00e8ses d&rsquo;Ancel Keys. Retrouvez ce chapitre de l&rsquo;alimentation id\u00e9ale pour le genre humain au format PODCAST : Ancel Keys est un chercheur am\u00e9ricain qui, dans les ann\u00e9es 50, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2196,2148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-origine-glucides","category-tome2-keto","pmpro-has-access"],"featured_image_src":"","blog_images":{"medium":"","large":""},"ams_acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9308"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9308\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18274,"href":"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9308\/revisions\/18274"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9308"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9308"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blooness.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}